Transportation and Economic Development
Standing Committee on Transportation and Economic Development (ADD 10)
TED 1989 Paper Abstracts
Accession Number: 603636
Title: PUTTING TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTO PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Forkenbrock, D J
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 3-11
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References; Tables
​
Abstract: Economic development occurs when the income and product generated within an area increase. Government policies can promote economic development by helping an area increase the returns from using resources there. They do this by providing services that produce benefits in excess of their costs. Transportation services generate benefits by serving as an economic tool used in transporting goods and people. The benefits of transportation investments are strictly related to reductions in transportation costs. These investments foster economic development by increasing net local income through cost reductions that exceed the cost of such investments. A series of important issues should be taken into account when examining the extent to which a transportation investment contributes to economic development. The issues include the scale of the impact area to be considered because some activity will move from one location to another, because of uncertainties in future economic circumstances, and for social objectives. For example, policy trade-offs must be made between maximizing overall economic development within a state and assisting a less-promising but needy area. Six paradigms illustrate the types of trade-offs that decision makers face when using transportation investments to foster local economic development. Finally, a series of decision screens are presented to provide a practical basis for applying
the principles discussed.
​
Descriptors: Alternatives analysis; Benefits; Conferences; Decision making; Economic development; Investments; Transportation; Trade offs
Accession Number: 603637
Title: ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN MANUFACTURERS' SATISFACTION WITH LOCATIONS
Authors: Hartgen, D T; Stuart, A W; Walcott, W A; Clay, J W
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 12-23
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (10); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (27); Tables (3)
​
Abstract: A study is currently under way in North Carolina to examine the complex relationship between transportation investments and satisfaction of manufacturing firms with location. The study is part of a continuing analysis by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte to develop the linkage between transportation and economic development. The 100 counties of North Carolina were classified according to transportation access, economic structure, manufacturing composition, and socioeconomic characteristics. A data set consisting of more than 400 variables was analyzed using factor analysis and cluster analysis to develop the classifications. The counties were then grouped into six clusters. Using this cluster structure, a survey of about 1,000 manufacturing firms in Norh Carolina is being conducted using an extensive mail questionnaire. Manufacturers have been asked to describe their perceptions of the importance of transportation systems and other factors in bringing in materials, shipping out products, and providing access to labor markets. These data will be correlated with information on highway investments, location of the firm with respect to the highway system, and other transportation access measures. Models such as factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and canonical modeling will be used to determine the relative importance of transportation against other socioeconomic and fiscal variables in determining manufacturer satisfaction. Then, policy analysis of various transportation funding strategies will be used to determine the effects of investment. Findings will be used to help rank transportation system investments intended to strengthen the state's industrial base.
Accession Number: 603638
Title: COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK FOR HIGHWAY ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT: METHODS AND RESULTS
Authors: Seskin, S N
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 24-34
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (8); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (3); Tables
​
Abstract: A framework for assessing economic impacts of highway improvements that is comprehensive in scope, diverse in methodology, and useful both for ranking needed improvements and in making investment decisions is presented. Current user benefit assessment techniques are expanded by adding an assessment of regional economic benefits. These benefits are measured in terms of changes in business costs, both in absolute terms, and in relation to costs experienced by areas or regions not affected by the proposed improvement. Changes in business costs increase the productivity of affected businesses, allowing them to expand markets and market share, increase profits, or otherwise enhance their competitive position. Regional economic benefits include opportunities for business expansion, business attraction, and tourism development. Business expansion benefits include the indirect and induced effects of user benefits (travel time savings, operating cost changes, and safety benefits). Business attraction benefits include the effects of the highway investment on the types and quantity of new economic activity that may occur in the affected region as a result of the highway. This assessment typically includes the development of several scenarios, on the basis of varying levels of effort and initiative by local economic developers. Tourism benefits include changes in expenditures resulting from new tourist travel patterns. Three case studies are presented, illustrating the application of the framework to inter- and intraurban highway projects in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Indiana. The case studies suggest that the framework captures regional benefits the value of which is equal to 50 to 150% of user benefits alone. Regional benefits are sensitive to the level of improvement of the affected links, and to the implementation of related public policies.
​
Descriptors: Benefits; Case studies; Conferences; Decision making; Economic development; Economic impacts; Highways; Improvements; Investments; Regional economics; Strategic planning; Tourism; Transportation; User benefits; Indiana; Massachusetts; Wisconsin; Priority rating; Business development; Highway improvements
​
Accession Number: 603639
Title: METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING LOCAL LAND USE IMPACTS OF HIGHWAYS
Authors: Hirschman, I; HENDERSON, M
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 35-40
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (3); Tables (1)
​
Abstract: A methodology to project and evaluate the potential land use impacts of a proposed limited-access highway extension in the Rochester, New York, metropolitan area is described. The analysis, the results of a 1-year consultant study for the New York State Urban Development Corporation and local sponsors, examined the potential impacts of linking the towns of Brockport and Albion, west of Rochester, to the Rochester central business district (CBD) via an extension of Route 531. An important constraint that affected the selection of assessment methodologies was the relatively modest amount of time and resources available for the study. This type of resource constraint, which was probably the norm for planning studies, precluded the development of a grand land use/transportation modeling effort in the style of the National Bureau of Economic Research Study, Puget Sound, or Bay Area Simulation pioneered several decades earlier. It required instead the use of methodologies or models that would not require enormous amounts of data, time, or effort to calibrate. The approach used to project potential residential location decisions was to develop a gravity model of residential location. In general, gravity models, when applied to residential location, require calculation of accessibility index scores for subareas that are then used to reallocate a region-wide growth projection to the subareas. The key advantage of this approach was that it was sensitive to changes in travel times between residential zones and major employment nodes. A qualitative approach was used to evaluate business impacts. The basic methodology involved a review of the competitive advantages of the area with and without the highway extension that included surveys of businesses inside and outside the Brockport-Albion corridor. A separate region-wide marketing analysis was performed to assess retail development possibilities in the Brockport-Albion corridor.
​
Descriptors: Assessments; Conferences; Decision making; Economic development; Freeways; Gravity models; Impact studies; Land use; Location; Methodology; Regional economics; Residential areas; Transportation; Transportation corridors; Urban growth; Controlled access highways; Methodologies; Business development; Extension; Residential areas location; Urban corridors
Accession Number: 603640
Title: FRAMEWORK FOR CLASSIFYING AND EVALUATING ECONOMIC IMPACTS CAUSED BY A TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Perera, M H
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 41-52
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (15); Tables (3)
​
Abstract: Economic principles involved in conducting benefit-cost analysis of a transportation investment have been discussed at length in the literature, but there are few articles that provide a synthesis of the main components of the analysis and evaluation process. First, an attempt will be made to distinguish between transportation user benefits and economic impacts from a transportation improvement. Although some of the economic impacts are intuitively recognized, they have not been clearly identified or completely recognized. As a result, the evaluation process has been less than complete. A system for classifying the economic impacts and methods of measuring these impacts are suggested for discussion. Second, a framework for the evaluation of the improvement costs, transportation user benefits, and economic impacts from a transportation improvement is presented.
Descriptors: Conferences; Economic development; Economic impacts; Evaluation; Improvements; Investments; Methodology; Transportation; User benefits; Methodologies
Accession Number: 603641
Title: BOTTLENECKS AND FLEXIBILITY: KEY CONCEPTS FOR IDENTIFYING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION SERVICES
Authors: Bell, M; Feitelson, E
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 53-59
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (31); Tables
​
Abstract: Today, because of economic activity restructuring by function rather than sector, there is a need to reconsider the relationship between transportation and economic development. Most current analyses are static and do not consider capital stock in place, level and quality of service, and demand for transportation. Transportation services can be viewed as intermediate goods in the private production and consumption processes of firms and individuals. As is the case with other intermediate goods, different industries will demand different types, levels, and qualities. When adequate services are not available in a timely manner, bottlenecks arise. Bottlenecks are not limited to congestion on urban highways during peak hours; therefore, policy responses to them are not limited to simply building more highways. From this perspective, the transportation system can either aid or hinder public and private firms' production functions either directly or by complementing private inputs. Transportation networks also contribute to the attractiveness of a region. An analysis of linkages between transportation and economic development under such circumstances would begin by identifying the role and potential of various sectors and functions in the economy. Next, the importance of transportation services for the most important sectors and functions in the economy would have to be identified. This method would require a highly disaggregated analysis of the role of transportation services in the location of relevant industries and services that are now differentiated by function rather than by sector. Such an analysis can help identify situations where the lack of specific transportation services becomes a bottleneck to economic development. However, this analysis is a necessary first step toward a cost-effective policy for economic development, but is not sufficient for formulating or evaluating a transportation policy's contribution to economic development. To make this additional step, analyzing the attributes of both transportation services and prospective users is necessary.
Descriptors: Bottlenecks; Businesses; Conferences; Economic development; Flexibility; Industries; Location; Transportation; Business
Accession Number: 603642
Title: SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODELING OF DEVELOPMENT INDUCED BY TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT
Authors: Drew, D R
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 63-81
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (20); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (9); Tables (3)
​
Abstract: A modeling paradigm for analyzing transportation-development interactions is described. The new approach is based on isolating underlying causes of development deficiencies in a systematic way, identifying policies and infrastructure investments to deal with the causes, and then assessing the impacts of alternatives against specified goals. The system dynamics methodology uses three alternative forms of the model: verbal (narrative description), visual (causal diagram), and mathematical (set of equations derived from the causal diagram). The methodology is illustrated using three examples: (a) modeling urban systems, (b) modeling regional and national economics, and (c) evaluating user and nonuser benefits.
​
Descriptors: Conferences; Economic development; Investments; Mathematical models; Nonuser benefits; Regional economics; Transportation; Urban areas; User benefits; Model; System dynamics
Accession Number: 603643
Title: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF AIRPORTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER SURPLUS
Authors: Norris, B B; Golaszewski, R
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 82-88
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (4); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (10); Tables
​
Abstract: Attributing the entire impact of an airport's operations to economic development would be overestimating the net economic benefits of an airport. A methodology is developed for using consumer surplus as a proxy measure of the net economic development benefits from the construction of a regional airport. This methodology involves partitioning the impact of an airport into two parts: (a) the impact from the purchases of air transportation services; and (b) the consumer surplus from a decline in air transportation prices subsequent to the construction of the facility. Using a combination of input-output analysis and airport-user surveys, a cross-sectional study was conducted on two airports, one in an island economy--with few alternate means of transportation and no other airports--and the other in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area with an abundant supply of alternate airports and other modes of transportation. The transportation purchase impact was larger in the DFW area than in the island economy ($5.26 billion compared to the island's $3.73 billion--or $1,571 and $612 per capita, respectively). The size of the consumer surplus for the DFW airport was much smaller because of the proliferation of other transportation modes and competing airports ($1.3 billion). In the island economy, the consumer surplus was much larger ($11.03 billion), suggesting the importance of the availability of substitute modes and airports. The study emphasizes the importance of the industry mix, the diversity of the economy, the regional transportation infrastructure, and the full-employment status of the economy in determining the size of the impact. It also provides caveats on using stated preference methods in determining the value to the consumers of products that could be enjoyed as a free rider.
Descriptors: Airports; Competition; Conferences; Consumers; Cross sections; Economic benefits; Economic development; Economic impacts; Impact studies; Input output models; Producers surplus; Cross-sectional analysis; Input output analysis; Surplus
Accession Number: 603644
Title: HYBRID APPROACH TO ESTIMATING ECONOMIC IMPACTS USING THE REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODELING SYSTEM (RIMS II)
Authors: Beemiller, R M
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 89-96
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (6); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (18); Tables (4)
Abstract: A hybrid approach for estimating economic impacts uses survey information on the direct output effects in conjunction with Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II) multipliers. The approach is demonstrated using hypothetical direct coefficients and multipliers. The increased accuracy of the approach is then assessed by comparing survey and nonsurvey impacts estimated for two states. As an example, the hybrid RIMS II approach is applied to the impacts of a General Electric plant in the Charlottesville, Virginia, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
​
Descriptors: Accuracy; Conferences; Economic development; Economic impacts; Estimating; Input output models; Mathematical models; Regional economics; Transportation; Input output analysis; Model
Accession Number: 603645
Title: USING RISK ASSESSMENT FOR AVIATION DEMAND AND ECONOMIC IMPACT FORECASTING IN THE MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL REGION
Authors: Hardison, M F; Mudge, R R; Lewis, D
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 97-103
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (5); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References; Tables (1)
​
Abstract: The process of risk assessment was applied to airport strategic planning for analysis of the adequacy of the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. Three steps were used to forecast demand: (a) development of a structure and logic model; (b) development of initial input assumptions; and (c) forecasting, risk analysis, and public exposure. The findings are presented in terms of operational results that define the probability of meeting unconstrained demand under each of three proposed development scenarios. The operational data are translated into implied economic benefits to the region.
Descriptors: Aviation; Conferences; Demand; Economic benefits; Economic development; Economic impacts; Forecasting; Risk assessment; Strategic planning; Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (Minnesota)
​
​
Accession Number: 603646
Title: TRANSPORT IN THE INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEM
Authors: Bennathan, E; Johnson, M
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 104-116
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (2); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (17); Tables (9)
​
Abstract: The links between the transport industry and other economic sectors of production or demand are examined for Cote d'Ivoire, India, Mexico, Philippines, and the United States, on the basis of recent input-output (I-O) tables of those countries. The extent to which the cost of transport services is affected by the prices of other goods and services that are required as inputs in the production of transport is indicated. The extent of the effects of prices and productivity of the labor and capital employed directly by the industry are also indicated. Effects of different tax systems on the cost of transport services are examined. Dependence of transport on industrial (intermediate) demand and on demand generated by private and government consumption, investment, and exports (final demand) and the extent to which the demand for transport reacts to changes in aggregate output are discussed. Further, realistic examples are used to demonstrate the ways in which I-O tables can be used to predict input requirements of the transport industry and of the demand for its output. The precautions necessary in such exercises and in international comparisons and the meaning of different concepts of the relative total size of a country's transport industry are discussed. In addition, the main features of I-O accounting and its relation to national income accounting are reviewed. Usually, national accounts are constructed with the help of relations discovered in I-O accounts so that the same qualifications apply to inferences drawn from either. Input-output accounts rarely attempt to credit transport with the output of own-account (i.e., self-operated) transport operations. Therefore, value added in transport and total output of transport are typically understatements of the true value of a country's total transport activity. Further, the transport cost component of a transaction between two industries could be debited to either the buyer or the seller as a purchase from transport. Different conventions are followed in this matter and the differences affect the apparent transport requirements of various industries.
Descriptors: Conferences; Costs; Demand; Economic development; Input output models; Transportation; India; Ivory Coast; Mexico; Philippines; United States; Input output analysis
Accession Number: 603647
Title: HIGHWAY STOCK AND PRIVATE-SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Attaran, K; Auclair, P
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 119-124
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (8); Tables
​
Abstract: The availability of a good transportation system is essential to a growing, healthy economy. For this reason, in developing economies transportation improvements are usually among the first projects undertaken to start the path toward economic development and prosperity. Transportation facilities connect markets and facilitate production and trade. Although the relationship between transportation facilities and the well-being of the economy of a country is intuitively obvious, little research has been undertaken to measure this relationship quantitatively. An attempt was made to demonstrate that variations in the existing stock of public highways have, to a large extent, explained variations in the productivity of labor and capital in the private sector of the economy. For this purpose, two econometric regression models were constructed to separately measure the association between the stock of highways and the productivities of (a) private-sector capital and (b) combined labor and capital. The regression models not only support the contention that the highway stock has contributed to improved private-sector productivity, but also that it has had a proportionately greater effect than that of the non-highway infrastructure. A third regression model in which the infrastructure was further disaggregated also supports the same conclusions.
Descriptors: Capital; Conferences; Econometric models; Economic development; Highways; Infrastructure; Private enterprise; Productivity; Regression analysis; Transportation; Private sector
Accession Number: 603648
Title: AIRPORTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Cooper, R
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 125-133
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices (1); Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures; Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (26); Tables (1)
​
Abstract: Airports and aviation make an important contribution to local, state, and regional economies. A review of literature on the links between airports and economic development indicates that air transport is usually associated with significant portions of local business. The influence on local and regional economic activity extends well beyond the airport site. The location of airports influences the geographic distribution of industries and can be a significant factor in the decisions of certain industries to locate in a specific state or region. Data indicate that access to air transport plays an increasingly important role in the ability of some high-technology industries, such as computers and electronics, to compete, and that the location of airport facilities influences the location of these industries. Tourism industries
have also been shown to be sensitive to air travel access.
​
Descriptors: Access; Airports; Businesses; Conferences; Economic development; Industries; Location; Regional economics; Tourism; Business
Accession Number: 603649
Title: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPROVING GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORTS
Authors: Weisbrod, G
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 134-141
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (3); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (8); Tables (4)
​
Abstract: Every state and many communities face the issue of setting priorities for investments in airport facilities. This issue has received the most public attention regarding the regional economic importance of investments in major new commercial airport facilities but relatively little attention has been given to the role of general aviation (GA) facilities. As a result, the issue of investment priorities is particularly problematic for GA airport facilities because their contribution to local and state economies is not well understood. The state and local economic impacts of GA airports are defined and measured, and the benefits of improvements to those airports are assessed. General aviation today is briefly summarized, and the measurement of airport benefits is examined with particular attention to the different approaches for economic impact analysis. Results are presented from a survey of businesses that use GA, which focused on the relative importance of GA for those businesses. A basic model system for evaluating GA benefits, developed for the Massachusetts Aeronautics Commission, is presented.
Descriptors: Airports; Benefits; Conferences; Economic development; Economic impacts; Evaluation; General aviation; Improvements; Investments; Mathematical models; Strategic planning; Priorities; Model
Accession Number: 603650
Title: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TRANSIT ON CITIES
Authors: Neuwirth, R
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 142-149
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures; Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (2); Tables
​
Abstract: Justifications for transit investments have included stimulating community revitalization, creating jobs, spurring economic development along a specific transit corridor, and maintaining and sustaining dense urban centers that are becoming paralyzed by automibile congestion. However, opponents of transit investments argue that the actual economic effects of transit do not meet these claims and do not warrant the expenditure of public funds. Transit studies have provided mixed evidence of whether or not the objectives are actually met by transit. A review of the transit literature was conducted to examine the existing economic impact reports for rapid transit systems in the United States and Canada. Sample cities were chosen for case studies to test the varying opinions of policy makers, planners, business people, and developers on the objectives of transit investments and to determine the extent the objectives were achieved in each city. Four types of cities were sampled: older, established rail cities (Boston, Massachusetts); newer rail cities (Atlanta, Georgia); newer cities proposing rail transit (Dallas, Texas); and smaller, bus-oriented cities (Hartford, Connecticut). For each city, the transit system's characteristics, goals and objectives, and impact on economic development were discussed. Findings indicate that transit assists other factors in creating and directing new development projects, provides crucial access into highly congested downtowns, contributes to quality of life that makes a city more attractive for economic development, and provides economic opportunity for transit-dependent populations in urban areas.
Descriptors: Bus transit; Case studies; Cities; Conferences; Economic development; Economic impacts; Investments; Public transit; Rapid transit; Canada; United States; Bus transportation (Intracity)
Accession Number: 603651
Title: FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF FIXED-GUIDEWAY TRANSIT PROJECTS ON LAND USE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Emerson, D J
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 150-155
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (3); Tables
Abstract: An approach is presented for predicting the impacts of fixed-guideway transit projects on land use and economic development. The Urban Mass Transportation Administration developed this approach to help local agencies perform transit project planning studies, including alternatives analyses. The relationships between land use and transportation are reviewed and technical methods for identifying land use impacts at the regional, corridor, and station area levels are described. The importance of supportive land use policies and ways to evaluate the desirablity of anticipated land use impacts are identified.
Descriptors: Conferences; Economic development; Economic impacts; Forecasting; Impacts; Investments; Land use; Rail transit; Urban development; Fixed-guideway transit; Prediction
Accession Number: 603652
Title: DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF STATE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: STEPHANEDES, Y J
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 156-164
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (6); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (16); Tables
​
Abstract: Previous studies suggest that a minimal or restricted relationship exists between transportation and economic development. Conclusions drawn from these studies result from three factors. First, the studies considered the transportation-development relationship at substantially different geographical scales ranging from large-scale multistate regional studies to small land use projects. Second, at the subregional scale most studies used cross-sectional, correlational analysis; however, this type of analysis is unable to determine the direction of the relationship between the two variables. Third, the studies paid too little attention to the long delays inherent in transportation-development interactions. A method that examines the situations in which transportation investments seem to temporally precede changes in the local economy was used in this study. It was found for total employment by using vector autoregressions and causality tests that highways encourage long-term economic development in excess of the normal trend in Minnesota's regional centers and counties under the urban influence of the state.
​
Descriptors: Conferences; Counties; Economic development; Economic impacts; Highways; Investments; Regional economics; Transportation; Minnesota
Accession Number: 603653
Title: METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW OF ANALYSES OF RURAL TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Cook, P D; Cook, C C
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 167-178
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (3); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (24); Tables
​
Abstract: Studies of rural transportation impacts have been carried out over the last 20 years, with emphasis on the methodology and underlying models of causal relationships. The historical sequence of rural impact methodologies and the research on rural mobility and migration carried out in several countries during the last 10 years are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the Kenya Rural Access Road Program research, Southeast Asian Research for SEATAC, and the Mexico Mobility Study. Present impact methodologies focus too narrowly on agricultural effects, despite early observations of wide-ranging impacts. They also fail to predict the significant increases in nonfarm traffic and related economic benefits that are signaled by the relatively high value placed on travel time demonstrated in the behavior of many rural travelers. This value reflects the importance of nonfarm employment and the benefits of increased mobility and service accessibility, which are crucial to adequate impact evaluation. A causal model of impacts is described, which defines the relationships between access change and rural socioeconomic development, including the role of intervening variables. Conclusions are drawn concerning the types of models that appear most promising for future impact analysis.
Descriptors: Accessibility; Conferences; Economic benefits; Economic development; Employment; Impacts; Mathematical models; Migration; Mobility; Rural areas; Socioeconomic factors; Transportation; Travel time; Developing countries; Socioeconomic aspects; Model
Accession Number: 603654
Title: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS TO RURAL ROADS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Mazlumolhosseini, A
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 179-194
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (27); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (9); Tables (3)
​
Abstract: The relationship between the level of socioeconomic development and the level of transportation activity in rural areas is examined for developing countries. Because access to roads is the most essential element of a transportation system, the degree of accessibility of rural areas is considered a good indicator of the level of development of the transportation system. Degrees of access to rural roads could be determined according to two simple criteria--proximity of the village to the nearest vehicle road and its distance to the nearest town. Villages with identical degrees of accessibility could be arranged in a group, forming access areas, regardless of the geographical location of the component villages. Four access area categories may be created by the proper choice of distance intervals in the application of accessibility criteria. In the order of increasing accessibility, these four access areas may be described as hardly accessible, poorly accessible, fairly accessible, and easily accessible. Each access area would be assigned an access value proportional to some measurable transportation activity (e.g., the number of daily trips per household in that area). The concepts and data used were developed by surveying households in the Philippines in 1983. The survey included 1,002 households with a total of 5,228 individuals living in 25 different villages in five different municipalities of Cebu Island. Study variables obtained from survey responses were divided into (a) major components of socioeconomic development, (b) those variables that determined the transportation pattern and ownership of the means of transport, and (c) those variables that described the agricultural situation. Analysis of study variables as functions of access value revealed that the major elements of socioeconomic development varied sharply with a change in access value and were strongly associated with it. The analysis also found that both the income from the sale of cash crops and the efficiency of agricultural production increased considerably as access value increased.
Descriptors: Accessibility; Conferences; Data collection; Economic development; Households; Rural areas; Socioeconomic factors; Surveys; Transportation; Variables; Developing countries; Socioeconomic aspects; Relationships; Surveys (Data collection)
Accession Number: 603655
Title: TRANSPORTATION ISSUES FOR AGROINDUSTRIAL PROJECT PREPARATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: de Buen, O; Lapiedra, M
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 195-201
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures; Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (7); Tables (1)
​
Abstract: Contributions of transportation to economic development and, more specifically, to the agroindustrial sector in Mexico are presented. The way in which transportation considerations should be linked to agroindustrial project design and implementation to increase the probability of success of firms dealing with them is examined. The definition of agroindustry is presented along with a description of its basic characteristics in Mexico. A description is offered of how transportation must be taken into account when preparing agroindustrial projects, as well as some initial ideas on how transportation can contribute to improving firm performance. Several case studies are presented that show different forms of linkage between transportation and agroindustry and that concentrate on exploring the ways in which transportation contributes to a project's success or failure. Some general conclusions are offered together with a broad description of Mexico's agroindustrial development plans along with comments on how transportation and product logistics can be managed to increase the plan's probability of success.
​
Descriptors: Case studies; Conferences; Economic development; Logistics; Transportation; Mexico; Agroindustrial sector
Accession Number: 603656
Title: TRANSACTION COSTS APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS OF RURAL FEEDER ROADS
Authors: Khan, Q M
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 202-210
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures; Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (1); Tables (5)
​
Abstract: The most direct benefit from improved access to markets is a decrease in transaction costs, including transport and storage costs. In developing countries, all-weather roads act as a catalyst that accelerates economic development by reducing transaction costs. A transaction costs model can explain most of the price variation between areas with good access and areas with bad access. Therefore, this type of model becomes a more powerful tool in analyzing the impact of rural roads when compared with the standard transport cost differential approach. In a study of rural roads in Bangladesh, poor access was found to keep competitive agricultural products traders from entering markets. For example, with poor access there is a relative shortage of buyers compared with the number of sellers. However, in areas with good access the opposite is true. If the traders did not perceive that accessibility was a problem, then competition would increase until the price differential would approach transport costs plus spoilage. Traditional transport cost approach begins with transport, storage, and spoilage savings that are passed on to agricultural producers who respond to the higher prices and profit. This approach tends to underestimate the benefits because the actual increase of producer prices is significantly higher. The transaction costs approach should be used to estimate agricultural benefits of new rural roads because these models can distinguish between financial and economic prices. The results of the Bangladesh case study using the transaction costs approach were much greater than those predicted by the transport savings model.
​
Descriptors: Accessibility; Conferences; Economic benefits; Economic development; Estimating; Impacts; Mathematical models; Rural areas; Rural highways; Transportation; Developing countries; Bangladesh; Transaction costs; Model
Accession Number: 603657
Title: TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BOTSWANA: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Lionjanga, A V; RAMAN, V
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 211-219
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (1); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References; Tables
​
Abstract: The transport sector in Botswana has played an important role in economic growth in the 23 years following independence. The country has been fortunate in discovering natural resources to finance economic developments, and sound policies have ensured that the transport sector grew at an affordable pace commensurate with demands for services. The system of national planning and project appraisals, major historical developments in transport, and policies that have evolved to encourage future growth are highlighted.
​
Descriptors: Conferences; Economic development; Planning; Policy; Transportation; Developing countries; Botswana
Accession Number: 603658
Title: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF AVIATION ON NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS
Authors: Dunbar, JKP
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 223-231
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (3); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (2); Tables (7)
​
Abstract: The North Central Texas Council of Governments has evaluated economic impacts of the North Central Texas airport system, which includes more than 40 public-use airports. A representative sample of these airports included 23 existing airports and 4 new or proposed airports. Direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts were estimated to determine the total economic impact of the 23 existing airports. The economic impacts of these airports on their surrounding communities were determined, including the numbers of jobs attributable to the airports. Forecasts were then developed of the economic benefits that might be expected from existing and proposed airports by the year 2010.
​
Descriptors: Airports; Aviation; Conferences; Economic benefits; Economic development; Economic impacts; Forecasting; Jobs; Texas; Forecasts
Accession Number: 603659
Title: TRANSPORTATION FACTORS AS CATALYSTS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDY: EAST BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Ferri, M R
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 232-240
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (3); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (16); Tables
​
Abstract: This case study stems from an ongoing project to demonstrate that trade and economic development could be enhanced by transportation investments. The project was initiated by a private-sector foreign trade, development, and management firm (the Consortium for International Trade and Investment). The correlation between transportation access and the viability of international trade and investment activity is examined by focusing on a case study in East Boston, Massachusetts. With an intensified push for U.S. exports, several factors should be integrated into the private-public export investment strategy--urban goods movement, international transportation features, infrastructural capacity, and the entire export transportation network. To realize the necessary catalysts for such an export trade investment strategy, both the public and private sectors must be informed, educated, and mobilized to the urgency of the problem. Creating a multifaceted solution requires the input of transportation planners, economic development specialists, governmental entities, private sector concerns, and the communities affected. Such an interactive coalition-building process is discussed and recommendations are provided.
​
Descriptors: Accessibility; Case studies; Communities; Conferences; Economic development; Governments; Infrastructure; International trade; Investments; Private enterprise; Public private partnerships; Recommendations; Transportation; Urban goods movement; Foreign trade; Private sector; Public sector; Boston (Massachusetts)
​
Accession Number: 603660
Title: RAIL LINE ABANDONMENT AND PUBLIC ACQUISITION IMPACTS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Taylor, R S; Casavant, K L; Lenzi, J C
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 241-251
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (5); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (12); Tables (2)
​
Abstract: Railroads are not the dominant transportation mode they once were, but they still play a large role in freight movement and are the only practical means of transport for a variety of commodities. Railroads also comprise a principal component of a community's economic development infrastructure as rail service still ranks as a prime site selection criterion for many industries. As U.S. railroads continue to restructure and reduce the size of their physical plant in an effort to reduce costs, light-density branch lines will continue to be targets for abandonment. Effects of rail line abandonment on both public and private costs in a region are evaluated. Drags on economic development in the region caused by this structural change are identified. Specifically, methodology and results of a statewide examination of the rail freight system in the state of Washington are discussed. This procedure, developed for use by the Washington Rail Development Commission, details the revenue and costs incurred for the existing Class I railroads on each branch line segment in the state. Then, for those segments where the railroads experience a revenue deficiency an analysis is presented on the public impacts of increased transportation costs to shippers and damage to roads of any decision to abandon a line segment. The need and rationale of public acquisition to retain local rail service for economic development purposes are discussed. Low traffic levels and poor track conditions typical of light-density rail lines are not going to attract for-profit railroad operators, and thus many locales may have no choice but to acquire the lines to retain them. Examples of public ownerships in Washington State are provided.
Descriptors: Abandonment; Axle loads; Conferences; Costs; Economic development; Impacts; Nationalization; Ownership; Property acquisition; Railroads; Traffic managers; Trucks; Washington (State); Acquisition; Shippers; Public ownership; Truck highway damage
Accession Number: 603661
Title: ROLE OF NON-INTERSTATE HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION IN ENHANCING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN IOWA
Authors: Baird, E A; Lipsman, M A
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 255-269
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (4); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (28); Tables (2)
​
Abstract: Over the past decade, the state of Iowa has moved toward establishing a highway improvement programming process that attempts to balance engineering and economic considerations. In 1988, the state legislature directed the Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) to designate a network of commercial and industrial highways. During its 1989 session, the legislature established a clear mandate for IDOT to give this network the highest priority in programming future improvements. The research was initiated by IDOT to develop a methodology that could be used to factor economic development considerations into the programming of improvements for the network.
​
Descriptors: Computer programming; Conferences; Economic development; Highways; Improvements; Methodology; Strategic planning; Methodologies; Iowa; Priority rating; Highway improvements; Programming
Accession Number: 603662
Title: ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WISCONSIN'S TRANSPORTATION ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Authors: Leonard, K J
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 270-280
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures (2); Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References; Tables (3)
​
Abstract: The Transportation Economic Assistance (TEA) program was created in Wisconsin to help communities and businesses pay for road, rail, harbor, or airport improvements needed for economic development. The objectives of the program were to attract employers and to create more jobs in Wisconsin. Using an appropriation of $9 million, the state has funded up to 50% of the cost of 18 transportation improvements. These projects were expected to create over 2,800 jobs directly and an estimated 2,800 jobs indirectly. The annual increase in wages paid because of those jobs over the next 10 years amounts to $106 million. The present value of the state sales and income taxes paid over 10 years totals $58 million. TEA applications are evaluated against a dozen criteria to determine the project eligibility. These criteria include transportation costs and benefits, number of jobs, value of increased wages, ratio of cost to the number of jobs, local funding, compatibility with other transportation in the area, tax benefits to the state, and financial soundness of the business. The economic impacts of TEA improvements involve both reductions in transportation cost because of the transportation improvement and changes in the state's economy caused by the economic development project. Transportation costs and benefits are measured, in this case, by the Highway Investment Analysis Package. If the benefits, such as reduced travel time, traffic accidents, and operating cost, exceed the improvement and maintenance costs, the project is considered a good investment from a transportation standpoint. The other economic development benefits are calculated using a model of the Wisconsin economy. This model, developed by Regional Economic Development Models, Inc., measures changes due to economic development projects. It measures net increases in employment, employee wages, sales taxes, and income taxes. If a project meets the eligibility criteria, it is ranked competitively with other projects and funded according to its rank.
​
Descriptors: Benefits; Conferences; Costs; Economic development; Economic impacts; Employee compensation; Employment; Improvements; Jobs; Mathematical models; Tax receipts; Transportation; Wage rate; Wisconsin; Model; Transportation economic assistance program
Accession Number: 603663
Title: OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY. TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1990: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA, NOVEMBER 5-8, 1989
Authors: Drew, D R
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 281-284
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures; Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References (7); Tables
​
Abstract: Major emphasis of this conference was the identification of models and methodologies for organizing and using existing data for designing future data collection efforts and for applying systematic analysis and scientific procedures to the understanding of policy problems and the making of public decisions regarding transportation system improvements and economic development. This overview of methodology covers the following: user benefit analysis; current approaches to impact evaluation; theories of urban and regional growth; measurement of the effects of transportation changes; modeling impacts of transportation investments; economic base analysis; input-output (I-O) analysis; regional economic models; and system dynamics modeling. It concludes with a summary of economic impact modeling.
​
Descriptors: Conferences; Decision making; Economic development; Economic impacts; Impact studies; Improvements; Input output models; Investments; Mathematical models; Methodology; Policy; Regional economics; Transportation; Urban development; User benefits; Methodologies; Input output analysis; Model; System dynamics
Accession Number: 603664
Title: CONFERENCE SUMMARY. TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1990: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA, NOVEMBER 5-8, 1989
Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board
Pages: p. 285-290
Date: 1990
Series: Transportation Research Record 1274
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISSN: 0361-1981
Features: Appendices; Bibliography; CD-ROM; Diskette; Figures; Glossary; Illustrations; Maps; Photos; References; Tables
​
Abstract: The Conference on Transportation and Economic Development was divided into six plenary sessions, covering the following issues: (1) Economic Impact Methodology; (2) Modeling Impacts of Transportation Investments; (3) Economic Impacts of Modal Investments; (4) Rural and Agricultural Impacts of Transportation Investments; (5) Case Studies of Modal Investment Impacts; and (6) State Planning Issues in Transportation Investments for Economic Enhancement. This summary of the conference discusses what has been learned at the conference and the conclusions gleaned from it.
Descriptors: Airports; Conferences; Economic benefits; Economic development; Economic impacts; Highways; Impact studies; Investments; Mathematical models; Methodology; Public transit; Railroads; Regional planning; Rural highways; States; Transportation; Methodologies; Model; State planning